The contribution of ecosystem services to human resilience iii summary ecosystem services es are the benefits provided by ecosystems that contribute to making human life possible and worth living ma, 2005. Resilience is an emergent ecosystem property resilience of a forest is a function of biodiversity at all scales. Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management authors. Biodiversity, ecosystem thresholds, resilience and forest degradation. Resilience and regime shifts in a marine biodiversity hotspot nature. Across the globe, conservation efforts have not managed to alleviate biodiversity loss, and this will ultimately impact many functions delivered by ecosystems 2, 3. Background to ecosystem resilience resilience is a term widely used across the public and private sectors. Commission members established the iucn cem resilience thematic group to clarify the concept of resilience with respect to simple and complex systems in operational terms, and to demonstrate the value of tools for resiliencebased natural resource stewardship, disaster risk reduction and ecosystembased adaptation. This chapter addresses resilience and its relationship to ecosystem services. In addition, as ecosystems pass tipping points to new domains, their capacity to deliver ecosystem services important to people may change. This program is led by the international water management institute iwmi, a member. These include regeneration of coastal ecosystems, agronomic measures, upstream flow control and shifts in agroecosystems. A regime is a persistent organization of mutually reinforcing structures and processes.
Climate change manifests itself primarily through changes in the water cycle. Biodiversity and resilience of ecosystem functions tom 2 h. Trustbuilding, knowledge generation and organizational innovations. Biodiversity and resilience of ecosystem functions. The evidence reveals that the likelihood of regime shifts may increase when humans reduce resilience by such actions as removing response diversity, removing whole functional groups of species. Ecosystem services, ecosystem resilience, and resilience of ecosystem management policy, in socialecological resilience and law 204 columbia university press, ahjond s. We hope that a focus on resilience rather than shortterm delivery of ecosystem functions and services, and the consideration of specific underpinning mechanisms, will help to join the research areas of biodiversityecosystem function and ecological resilience and ultimately aid the development of evidencebased yet flexible ecosystem management. The relationship between forest biodiversity, ecosystem.
Resilience is a key underpinning principle of biodiversity strategies at all levels of government. Walker and marten scheffer and thomas elmqvist and lance gunderson and crawford s. Chinas coastal ecosystems have experienced substantial deterioration within the past decades, at a scale and speed the world has never seen before. Yet, information about this coastal ecosystem change from a dynamics perspective is quite limited. Regime shifts, resilience and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Resilience and regime shifts in a marine biodiversity. For the management of ecosystem resilience to maintain target ecosystem functions and services in a given ecosystem, it is therefore critical to explore underlying factors that determine response. Regime shifts and resilience in chinas coastal ecosystems. The approach exemplified here for the mediterranean sea, revealing previously unknown resilience dynamics driven by climate forcing, can elucidate resilience and shifts in. As climate changes, droughts, floods, melting glaciers, storms and sealevel rise intensify or alter, often with severe consequences. Protecting and enhancing the resilience of ecosystems the u. Bullock1 the composition of species communities is changing rapidly through drivers such as habitat loss and climate change, with potentially serious consequences for the resilience of. Regime shifts, resilience and biodiversity in ecosystem.
Ecosystem services and resilience esr is a crosscutting core theme within wle that focuses on the role of ecosystem service based approaches in building community resilience and helping wle achieve its development outcomes. We envisage that our findings will contribute towards an ecosystem approach to fisheries management in the mediterranean sea, and promote. Abstract ecologists have made great strides in developing criteria for describing the resilience of an ecological system. Understanding regime shifts has profound implications for ecosystem recovery and management. Trends in this index also provide a sentinel of both abrupt and gradual transitions in ecosystems. Pdf regime shifts, resilience and biodiversity in ecosystem. Below we further frame these issues for forest aquatic ecosystems.
Biodiversity increases the resistance of ecosystem. Human action is transforming the biota, chemistry and temperature of the worlds oceans at unprecedented rates. Firm size diversity, functional richness and resilience. In addition, expansion of that effort to socialecological systems has begun the process of identifying changes to the social system necessary to foster resilience in an ecological system such as the use of adaptive management and integrated ecosystem management.
Quantifying resilience of multiple ecosystem services and. Perspectives for ecosystem management based on ecosystem resilience and ecological thresholds against multiple and stochastic disturbances. His purpose was to describe models of change in the structure and function of ecological systems. Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Pdf regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in. Regime shifts and panarchies in regional scale socialecological water. However, the definition of resilience in most strategies and policies is still relatively ambiguous, and needs to be more clearly quantified and articulated so that the success of these strategies can be measured. Building climate change resilience through water management and ecosystems.
Pdf regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem. We hope that it will inspire further learning, and the further application of ecosystembased responses to climate change. Our models demonstrate that positive biodiversity effects become more critical with a higher level of sedimentation stress, and show that effective ecosystem management for resilience requires. Legitimacy, adaptation, and resilience in ecosystem management. Ecosystems are subject to natural disturbances such as fires, floods, droughts, and disease outbreaks, as well as human. Carl folke, steve carpenter, brian walker, marten scheffer, thomas elmqvist, lance gunderson and c.
Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale garry d. Ecological resilience refers to the ability of an ecosystem to maintain key functions and processes in the face of stresses or pressures, by resisting and then adapting to change. Regime shifts in ecosystems are increasingly common as a consequence of human activities that erode resilience, for example, through resource exploitation, pollution, landuse change, possible climatic impact and altered disturbance regimes. Consider the state of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience of monmouthshire and identify relevant habitats and species of principal importance for nature conservation. Consider the ways in which monmouthshire county council can influence biodiversity and ecosystem resilience when exercising its functions as a public authority. Allen eds, 2014, vanderbilt public law research paper no. Perspectives for ecosystem management based on ecosystem. Active adaptive management and governance of resilience will be required to sustain desired ecosystem states and transform degraded ecosystems into fundamentally new and more desirable configurations.
Operationalising resilience for ecosystem management. Regime shifts a global challenge for the sustainable use of our. Finally, the paper concludes that management of biodiversity and natural ecosystem has great role in reducing the greenhouse gas from the atmosphere to mitigate climate change. Declining resilience of ecosystem functions under biodiversity loss tom h. Resilience and shifts in agroecosystems facing increasing. Introduction the concept of resilience in ecological systems was introduced by c. Biodiversity stabilizes ecosystem productivity over time9,1423. While these changes are often gradual, in some cases they can lead to regime shifts. We suggest ten guiding principles to help maintain biodiversity, ecosystem function, and resilience. The concept of es and the benefits these flows bring to humans is a burgeoning area of research.
To aid 47 environmental management in the face of conflicting land use pressures, there is an urgent 48 need to quantify and predict the spatial and temporal distribution of ecosystem. Active adaptive management and governance of resilience will be required to sustain desired ecosystem states and transform degraded ecosystems into. Much ecosystem monitoring and management is focused on the provision of ecosystem functions and services under current environmental conditions, yet this could lead to inappropriate management guidance and undervaluation of the importance of biodiversity. Chapter 2 introduced the concept of ecosystem services and outlined an ecosystem services approach to damage assessment for events such as the deepwater horizon dwh oil spill. Cbd biodiversity and ecosystem services november 2015 biodiversity and ecosystem services. The role of biodiversity and ecosystem services in carbon. Biodiversity is important not only for the variety of beautiful and interesting species it offers us, but it is also very important and vital to the stability of an ecosystem and our entire planet. Ecosystem services, ecosystem resilience, and resilience. At present, the development of engineered infrastructures is favoured whereas complementary or alternative solutions to increase the resilience of socialecological systems with respect to salinity intrusion exist. Resilience and regime shifts in a marine biodiversity hotspot. Biodiversity underpins most forest eco system goods and. In particular, we focus on the role of biodiversity in the renewal and reorganization of ecosystems after disturbancewhat has been referred to as the backloop of the adaptive cycle of ecosystem development holling 1986.
Overview of resilience of biodiversity australia state. Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem. Under the pulse set scenarios, we explored the resilience of nine ecosystem services and four biodiversity measures following a oneoff disturbance applied to an increasing percentage of forest area. Resilience and ecosystem services an ecosystem services.
Protecting and enhancing the resilience of ecosystems u. The contribution of ecosystem services to human resilience. A risk management approach advancing knowledge, shaping policy, inspiring practice. To aid environmental management in the face of conflicting landuse pressures, there is an urgent need to quantify and predict the spatial and temporal distribution of ecosystem functions and services.
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